“While Pink Floyd are mostly known for their grandiose concept albums of the 1970s, they started as a very different sort of psychedelic band. Soon after they first began playing together in the mid-‘60s, they fell firmly under the leadership of lead guitarist Syd Barrett, the gifted genius who would write and sing most of their early material. The Cambridge native shared the stage with Roger Waters (bass), Rick Wright (keyboards), and Nick Mason (drums). The name Pink Floyd, seemingly so far-out, was actually derived from the first names of two ancient bluesmen (Pink Anderson and Floyd Council). And at first, Pink Floyd were much more conventional than the act into which they would evolve, concentrating on the rock and R&B material that were so common to the repertoires of mid-'60s British bands” (Unterberger).

1966: “Pink Floyd quickly began to experiment, however, stretching out songs with wild instrumental freak-out passages incorporating feedback; electronic screeches; and unusual, eerie sounds created by loud amplification, reverb, and such tricks as sliding ball bearings up and down guitar strings. In 1966, they began to pick up a following in the London underground; on-stage, they began to incorporate light shows to add to the psychedelic effect. Most importantly, Syd Barrett began to compose pop-psychedelic gems that combined unusual psychedelic arrangements (particularly in the haunting guitar and celestial organ licks) with catchy melodies and incisive lyrics that viewed the world with a sense of poetic, childlike wonder” (Unterberger).

1967: “The group landed a recording contract with EMI in early 1967 and made the [UK] Top 20 with a brilliant debut single, Arnold Layne, a sympathetic, comic vignette about a transvestite. The follow-up, the kaleidoscopic See Emily Play, made the Top Ten [in England]. The debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, also released in 1967, may have been the greatest British psychedelic album other than Sgt. Pepper’s. Dominated almost wholly by Barrett's songs, the album was a charming fun house of driving, mysterious rockers (Lucifer Sam); odd character sketches (The Gnome); childhood flashbacks (Bike, Matilda Mother); and freakier pieces with lengthy instrumental passages (Astronomy Domine, Interstellar Overdrive, Pow R Toch) that mapped out their fascination with space travel. The record was not only like no other at the time; it was like no other that Pink Floyd would make, colored as it was by a vision that was far more humorous, pop-friendly, and lighthearted than those of their subsequent epics” (Unterberger).

“The reason Pink Floyd never made a similar album was that Piper was the only one to be recorded under Barrett's leadership. Around mid-1967, the prodigy began showing increasingly alarming signs of mental instability” (Unterberger), a condition further eroded by Barrett’s continuous use of acid. “Barrett would go catatonic on-stage, playing music that had little to do with the material, or not playing at all. An American tour had to be cut short when he was barely able to function at all, let alone play the pop star game. Dependent upon Barrett for most of their vision and material, the rest of the group was nevertheless finding him impossible to work with, live or in the studio” (Unterberger).

1968: “Around the beginning of 1968, guitarist Dave Gilmour, a friend of the band who was also from Cambridge, was brought in as a fifth member. The idea was that Gilmour would enable the Floyd to continue as a live outfit; Barrett would still be able to write and contribute to the records. That couldn't work either, and within a few months Barrett was out of the group. Pink Floyd’s management, looking at the wreckage of a band that was now without its lead guitarist, lead singer, and primary songwriter, decided to abandon the group and manage Barrett as a solo act” (Unterberger).

“Such calamities would have proven insurmountable for 99 out of 100 bands in similar predicaments. Incredibly, Pink Floyd would regroup and…eventually become even more successful. It was early in the game yet, after all; the first album had made the British Top Ten, but the group was still virtually unknown in America, where the loss of Syd Barrett meant nothing to the media. Gilmour was an excellent guitarist, and the band proved capable of writing enough original material to generate further ambitious albums, Waters eventually emerging as the dominant composer. The 1968 follow-up to Piper at the Gates of Dawn, A Saucerful of Secrets, made the British Top Ten, using Barrett's vision as an obvious blueprint, but taking a more formal, somber, and quasi-classical tone, especially in the long instrumental parts. Barrett, for his part, would go on to make a couple of interesting solo records before his mental problems instigated a retreat into oblivion” (Unterberger).

1969-71: “Pink Floyd would continue to polish their brand of experimental rock, which married psychedelia with ever-grander arrangements on a Wagnerian operatic scale. Hidden underneath the pulsing, reverberant organs and guitars and insistently restated themes were subtle blues and pop influences that kept the material accessible to a wide audience. Abandoning the singles market, they concentrated on album-length works, and built a huge following in the progressive rock underground with constant touring in both Europe and North America. While LPs like Ummagumma (divided into live recordings and experimental outings by each member of the band), Atom Heart Mother (a collaboration with composer Ron Geesin), and More (a film soundtrack) were erratic, each contained some extremely effective music” (Unterberger).

“By the early ‘70s, Syd Barrett was a fading or nonexistent memory for most of Pink Floyd’s fans, although the group, one could argue, never did match the brilliance of that somewhat anomalous 1967 debut. Meddle (1971) sharpened the band's sprawling epics into something more accessible, and polished the science fiction ambience that the group had been exploring ever since 1968” (Unterberger).

1973: “Nothing, however, prepared Pink Floyd or their audience for the massive mainstream success of their 1973 album, Dark Side of the Moon, which made their brand of cosmic rock even more approachable with state-of-the-art production; more focused songwriting; an army of well-time stereophonic sound effects; and touches of saxophone and soulful female backup vocals” (Unterberger).

“Dark Side of the Moon finally broke Pink Floyd as superstars in the United States, where it made number one. More astonishingly, it made them one of the biggest-selling acts of all time. Dark Side of the Moon spent an incomprehensible 741 weeks on the Billboard album chart. Additionally, the primarily instrumental textures of the songs helped make Dark Side of the Moon easily translatable on an international level” (Unterberger). The album became one of the best-selling and most critically acclaimed albums of all-time.

1975-77: “It was also an extremely hard act to follow, although the follow-up, Wish You Were Here…also made number one, highlighted by a tribute of sorts to…Barrett, Shine on You Crazy Diamond. Dark Side of the Moon had been dominated by lyrical themes of insecurity, fear, and the cold sterility of modern life; Wish You Were Here and Animals (1977) developed these morose themes even more explicitly. By this time Waters was taking a firm hand over Pink Floyd's lyrical and musical vision, which was consolidated by The Wall (1979)” (Unterberger).

1979: “The bleak, overambitious double concept album concerned itself with the material and emotional walls modern humans build around themselves for survival” (Unterberger). Waters developed an involved story about a rock star’s anguish over losing his father in the war and then slowly losing his own identity in this exploration of the relationship between a band and its fans. “The Wall was a huge success (even by Pink Floyd's standards), in part because the music was losing some of its heavy-duty electronic textures in favor of more approachable pop elements. Although Pink Floyd had rarely even released singles since the late '60s, one of the tracks, Another Brick in the Wall, became a transatlantic number one. The band had been launching increasingly elaborate stage shows throughout the '70s, but the touring production of The Wall, featuring a construction of an actual wall during the band's performance, was the most excessive yet” (Unterberger). A film version of the album would also follow.

1983: “In the 1980s, the group began to unravel. Each of the four had done some side and solo projects in the past; more troublingly, Waters was asserting control of the band’s musical and lyrical identity” (Unterberger). Indeed, 1983’s The Final Cut featured “little of the electronic innovation so typical of their previous work” (Unterberger) and a slew of session musicians. With Gilmour, Mason, & Wright, lost in a slew of session musicians, the effort felt much more like a solo album, a fact drilled home by Waters’ 1984 solo album Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking which would feature the same lineup, other than Gilmour, Mason, and Wright.

1986-87: “In 1986, Waters was suing Gilmour and Mason to dissolve the group’s partnership (Wright had lost full membership status entirely); Waters lost, leaving a Roger-less Pink Floyd to get a Top Five album with Momentary Lapse of Reason in 1987. In an irony that was nothing less than cosmic, about 20 years after Pink Floyd shed their original leader to resume their career with great commercial success, they would do the same again to his successor. Waters…[was left to watch] his former colleagues (with Wright back in tow) rescale the charts” (Unterberger).

1987-92: Waters’ solo career sputtered along” (Unterberger) as he “released ambitious solo albums to nothing more than moderate sales and attention” (Unterberger). He did undertake “a solo recreation of The Wall, performed at the site of the former Berlin Wall in 1990, and released as an album” (Unterberger).

1994: “Pink Floyd still had a huge fan base, but there's little that's noteworthy about their post-Waters output. They knew their formula, could execute it on a grand scale, and could count on millions of customers — many of them unborn when Dark Side of the Moon came out, and unaware that Syd Barrett was ever a member — to buy their records and see their sporadic tours. The Division Bell, their first studio album in seven years, topped the charts in 1994 without making any impact on the current rock scene, except in a marketing sense. Ditto for the live Pulse album, recorded during a typically elaborately staged 1994 tour, which included a concert version of The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety” (Unterberger).

Biography Source(s):

• Richie Unterberger, All Music Guide